A in Woodworking 



By M, W. M 



•The Matiual Arts Press 



Peoria, Illinois 



Problems in Woodworking 

By M. W. Murray 



The Manual Arts Press 

Peoria, Illinois 



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18 taoo 

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Copyright, 

The Manual Arts Press, 

1905. 



FOREWORD 



A REALIZATION of the difficulty in obtaining drawings of good models which can be given as class ex- 
ercises has led to the preparation of these problems. The aim has been to save teachers the labor of 
making drawings and blue prints of models, many of which are in general use at the present time. 

No attempt has been made to plan a Course of study or to arrange the models with any special regard to a 
logical order of exercises, but for convenience they have been grouped by grades. No models have been in- 
cluded which have not been successfully made by boys in the three upper grammar grades. 

It is not intended that artisans or others with little or no experience in teaching and less knowledge of 
educational principles shall use these drawings and labor under the mistaken idea that they are teaching manual 
training. In putting these drawings into the hands of teachers, it is hoped that the effect may be to provide 
additional time for the solution of new problems instead of tending to make the work more definitely formal and 
lifeless. In the hands of the progressive teacher, there will be little danger of the latter. 

Many of the problems can be presented to the class and worked out in various ways, according to the in- 
dividuality of the different pupils. Whenever possible, the work should be correlated with the regular work 
of the school — the science, arithmetic, written work, physical training, and especially the drawing or art work. 
Such a plan results in a great saving of time to the manual-training teacher while it gives more life to other 
subjects. 

The sources of the models have been acknowledged as far as possible on the plates, but special mention is 
made of the number of drawings used by permission of Gustaf Larsson, principal of the Sloyd Training School, 
Boston, Mass. In the preparation of the work the criticisms of Charles A. Bennett, editor of the Manual Train- 
ing Magazine, have been especially helpful and suggestive. 

M. W. Murray, Springfield, Mass. 
June 26, 1905. y 6 



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The following arrangement o 


' probl 


LIST OF PLATES 


;e in selecting models for class and 


ems by grades is made for convenien 


individual 


use and may aid in planning courses 


of study. 






GRADE VII. 




1. Hat-rack 




5. Whisk-broom holder 


9. Blotter 


2. Shelf and brush-rack 




6. Stationery box 


10. Toothbrush holder 


3. Sleeve-board 




7. Footstool (with padded top) 


11. Solitaire board 


4. Shelf 




8. Knife-polishing box 

GRADE VIII. 


12. Pressing board (for butterflies) 


1. Coat hanger 




5. Box 


9. Knife-box 


2. Flower-pot stand 




(i. Flower table 


10. Desk-tray 


3. Key-boards 




7. Bench-hook 


11. Taboret 


4. Pen-tray 




8. Drawing-board and T-square 
GRADE IX. 


12. Canoe paddle 


1. Tool -rack 




6. Printing frame 


11. Towel-rack 


2. Coat-and-trousers hanger 




7. Towel-roller 


12. Folding table 


3. Bread-board 




8. Mirror 


13. Medicine cabinet 


4. Book shelves 




9. Footstool 


14. Dovetailed book-rack 


5. Umbrella stand 




10. Plate-rack 


15. Book-rack 
lti. Boat 



NOTES ON PROBLEMS 



The suggestions and comments embodied in the 
following notes are based on several years' experience, 
and it is hoped that they may prove helpful in connec- 
tion with the problems. 

GRADE VII. 
Hat-rack. The need of a model which empha- 
sizes the process of planing has led to the selection of 
the hat-rack. It has been used most successfully when 
the pupils have had for the preceding and first piece, 
such a model as the plant support (lSxlx'4 inches 
made from stock 18 '£x-x"s inches) on which they have 
worked off part of their surplus energy and are willing 
to make something with greater care. The holes in the 
hat-rack are made IB inches apart because the studs in 
modern houses are that distance on centers. 

Shelf and Brush-rack. This model gives drill 
in planing with the additional exercise of laying out the 
corners and sawing to the knife and gauge lines. 

Sleeve-board. The size may be varied according 
to need, and a base added if desired. The edges 
may be made half-round, thus giving opportunity for an 
exercise in chamfering, but this has been found too 



difficult when the model is used in the first part of the 
seventh grade. 

Shelf. Special emphasis is laid upon the nailing 
exercises which this problem presents. The model 
gives an opportunity to design the back and bracket 
and to vary the size. 

Whisk -broom Holder. This problem has been 
used successfully in connection with the drawing work. 
The pupils design the back and make a working draw- 
ing in the studio, and then construct the model in the 
manual-training room. 

Stationery Box and Footstool (with padded 
top ). These are good for the last pieces in the seventh 
grade. They also prove satisfactory models in other 
grades for Christmas presents. 

Footstool. A problem which can be given to 
"repeaters" who may not be very good workmen, is 
. presented in the foot-stool. It is a simple piece, all 
planing being straight, and the nailing and screwing re- 
quiring no special skill. The ends or legs, which may 
be designed, are clamped to the frame and made to 
stand true before screwing together. 

Solitaire Board. Exercises in laying out and 
beveling are provided in this game board. It is a good 
piece to make at Christmas or at the end of the year 



when little time remains, as it can be made very 
quickly. A large number of games which can be 
played on the board is to be found in Every Boy's 
Manual, published by G. Routledge & Son, 1877. 
London and New York. 

Blotter. The rocker part may be made from a 
Js-inch piece of white pine by veneering the edges 
with !4'-inch mahogany. A design may be worked 
out on the top with a veining tool as suggested. It 
is a piece which requires considerable accuracy but is 
adapted to any grade. 

Toothbrush Holder. In this model the draw- 
ing and the manual training are correlated. The aim 
is to make as hygienic a toothbrush holder as possible. 
When the problem was worked out in classroom, the 
pupils agreed that the brushes should not touch one 
another nor the woodwork, and that the part to catch 
the drippings should be of such material that it could 
be easily cleaned, hence the copper work. Snip 
shears are used for cutting the copper which is so 
light that it bends readily with a pair of square-nosed 
pliers. 

GRADE VIII. 

Coat Hanger. This has proved a good model 
for the first one in the eighth grade because it fur- 
nishes an opportunity to review planing before work- 



ing out the shape. Some teachers have had the boys 
measure their shoulders and make the model to fit their 
coats. Such a plan has merit, in that it encourages in- 
dividual work. 

Flower-pot Stand. Special stress is laid on the 
planing, laying out and the cutting of the joint. The ap- 
plication of this joint to other and larger pieces, such 
as the base of a revolving bookcase, a kite frame, etc., 
should be shown. The boy should, of course, be 
taught to plane the wood for the model in one long 
piece to save time and material. 

Key -board. The boys should make their own 
designs, having in mind the fact that they must be re- 
lated to the hooks. These designs may be made at 
home or in school, and after being approved, may, if 
desired, be worked out at home with veining-tool 
loaned for the purpose. 

Pen -tray, Desk -tray. Either may be used fur 
the first gouging. 

Box. Any kind or size may be made. The hinge 
and catch may be designed, then worked out and fast- 
ened on with escutcheon pins. In working the copper 
(25 gauge, soft) the only tools required are snip shears, 
small safe-edge file, a light hammer and pliers. The 
holes can be made with any sharp tool. In working 



up the joint over a brad, the copper becomes hard 
enousht to make a durable hinge. 

Bench-hook, Drawing-board and T-square. 

These are pieces which require considerable skill and 
appeal to pupils who use such tools at home. 

Flower Table, Taboret. Both are good prob- 
lems for pupils who are not capable of making a 
mortise-and-tenon joint. The curved legs of the table 
may be laid out on one piece of wood with very little 
waste of material. 

Canoe Paddle. This is an excellent piece of form 
work which may be made from straight-grained spruce, 
maple or ash, the first being found the best for school 
work. The length of the paddle should be determined 
by the height of the user. A bow paddle should 
usually be shorter than a stern paddle. The dimen- 
sions given have been found good for general work. 
If necessary, accuracy of measurement should be 
sacrificed to good curves. The plan should be care- 
fully drawn on the broad surface and cut; then the ele- 
vation should be made. The blade should be planed 
out while the handle is square. It has been found con- 
venient to have one or more old-style wooden planes, 
with their bottoms planed off to fit the shape of the 
paddle, and the irons ground to suit the bottoms, for 



working out around the rib on the blade, but this is 
not necessary as it can be done with the gouge, spoke- 
shave and plane. 

GRADE IX. 

Coat -and -Trousers Hanger. The combination 
of a good model and a useful article is found in this 
problem. If the wood for the back is first planed to 
J8x3, 3 4 'x}£ inches, the blocks in which the cross-piece 
slides can be cut from the upper corners. T he 
grooves should be laid out with the gauge and try- 
square and cut < >ut with the back-saw and chisel. 

Book Shelves. These may be designed to stand 
in the center of a table, on a table against the wall, or 
to hang on he wall. 

Mirror. The recess for the back can be worked 
out by using a washer cutter, Fostner bit and chisel. 

Boat. It is much more profitable for boys to 
design their own boats, and additional interest is cre- 
ated when several are made and raced. Since many 
boys are working, at home with electric motors and 
small steam-engines, it is a good plan to encourage 
the building of power boats. It has not been found 
practicable to make such boats less than 34 inches 
long, as they will not hold the motors, bateries, etc. 



Approximate rules for designing sail boats: 

The width should not be more than one-third of 
the length and in case of boats 24 inches or less not 
much under one-third the length. 

The mast may be placed one-third or half way be- 
tween one-third and one-half way from the bow. 

In making the hull, it is desirable to work to 
center lines, laying out and cutting the deck plan 
first, then the sheer plan and lastly shaping the 
hull, finishing it smooth before boring and gouging out 
die inside. After the inside is finished, the sheer of 
the deck may be cut. 

When the keel has been screwed on and the in- 
side of the boat painted (This should always be done 
if the stock has been glued up) the deck may be glued 
and nailed in place. 

The amount of lead for a model yacht may be 
determined when the hull is finished by putting in suf- 
ficient weight to sink it to the load water line and then 
weighing what has been used. 



The lead may be cast in moulds either of wood, 
plaster of paris or sand, by first making a wooden 
pattern of the right size and shape. The wooden 
mould has been found very satisfactory. It is made 
by taking two pieces of wood about 2 inches longer 
than the pattern, the same width as the pattern, and 
from Yz to y% of an inch thick, and cutting one-half 
the shape of the pattern out of each piece. The line 
made by the meeting of the two broad faces should 
correspond to the center line which runs lengthwise 
through the pattern. When this is done, the two 
halves of the mould are fastened together and pieces 
nailed to the top and bottom. Two 3 /i6-inch dowels 
should extend through the mould from top to bottom, 
to form the holes for the screws which fasten the lead 
to the upper keel. In addition to this, the top should 
have a pouring hole and one or more vent holes. 
The size of the pattern from which the mould is made 
may be figured on the basis of a cubic inch of cast 
lead weighing .408 pounds. (A piece of lead 2xlxJ£ 
inches also weighs .408 pounds, etc. I 

The deck and spars should be finished with spar 
varnish. 



Problems in Woodworking 
M, W. MURRAY, 



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PUOalFAfS IN WOODWORK 

M. W Murray 



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Tooth Brush Holder 



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Holes bared wilh 
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The puzzle consists in so jumping pins an slrBionl lines£as /! B & C OJ thai when 
all pins have heen Jumped the 3Z"'i5 left in the centre hole. 



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M. W- MURRAY. 



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THE Manual Arts Press 

f>epKM, Illinois. 



Press/no Board 

For Butterf/t'es 




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Groove and 
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5ixe at~ box sbou/d be determined by /be purpose far which it is intended. 



PKOULEMS '« WOODWORKtHG 

M. W. MURRAY. 



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Bread Board 



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OBLfMS '* WOODWORK 

M. W. MURRAY. 



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36 



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M, W MURRAY. 



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PROBLEMS IN WOODWORKING 

M. W. MURRAY. 



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PROBLEMS IN WOODWORKING 

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Manual Training Magazine. 

An illustrated, quarterly publication devoted to the 
interest* of the Manual Arts In Education- Subscrip- 
tion price, $1.00 a year; in foreign countries, $1.35; 
single copies, 30 cents. 

THE MANUAL ARTS PRESS, 

PEORIA, ILLINOIS. 




013 973 696 5 



